中英雙語話史記 第127期:洋務運動

Qing Dynasty

清朝

The Westernization Movement

洋務運動

The rude realities of the Opium War, the unequal treaties, and the mid-century mass uprisings caused Qing courtiers and officials to recognize the need to strengthen China.

鴉片戰爭殘酷的現實、不平等條約以及中世紀的大規模起義使清朝政府和官員意識到要讓國家強大起來。

Chinese scholars and officials had been examining and translating “Western Learning” since the 1840s.

中國的學者和官員自19世紀40年代起開始檢查翻譯“洋學”。

Under the direction of modern-thinking Han officials, Western science and languages were studied, special schools were opened in the larger cities, and arsenals, factories, and shipyards were established according to Western models.

在具有現代性思維的漢家學者的引導下，人們學習了西方的科學和語言，一些大城市開設了特殊的學校，軍械庫、工廠和船塢也參照西方的模型得到了建造。

Western diplomatic practices were adopted by the Qing, and students were sent abroad by the government and on individual or community initiative in the hope that national regeneration could be achieved through the application of Western practical methods.

清朝採納了西方的外交手段，學生們單獨或成團被政府送去海外讀書，希望可以通過運用西方的實踐方法振興國家。

Amid these activities came an attempt to arrest the dynastic decline by restoring the traditional order.

這些舉措致力於通過重建傳統秩序來組織朝代的衰敗。

The effort was known as the Tongzhi Restoration, named for the Tongzhi Emperor (1862—1874), and was engineered by the young emperors mother, the Empress Dowager Ci Xi (1835—1908).

這場努力被稱爲“同治中興”，它取自同治皇帝（1862——1874）的名諱，並由這位年輕帝王的母親，慈禧太后（1835——1908）設計指導。

The restoration, however, which applied “practical knowledge”, while reaffirming the old mentality, was not a genuine program of modernization.

然而，這場革新，在運用“實用性知識”的同時卻不斷重申老的心態，它並不是一個真正的現代化計劃。

The effort to graft Western technology onto Chinese institutions became known as the Self-Strengthening Movement.

試圖將西方的科技嫁接到中國的制度上的嘗試開始自“洋務運動”。

The movement was championed by scholar-generals like Li Hongzhang (1823—1901) and Zuo Zongtang (1812—1885), who had fought with the government forces in the Taiping Rebellion.

這場運動由士大夫們領導，比如李鴻章（1823——1901）和左宗棠（1812——1885），他們曾在太平起義中與政府軍作戰。

From 1861 to 1894, leaders such as these, now turned scholar-administrators, were responsible for establishing modem institutions, developing basic industries, communications, and transportation, and modernizing the military.

1861到1894年間，現在成爲大臣們的這些人負責建立了現代的機構，發展基礎工業、通信和交通業並是軍隊現代化。

But despite its leaders’ accomplishments, the Self-Strengthening Movement did not recognize the significance of the political institutions and social theories that had fostered Western advances and innovations.

儘管其領導者成就累累，洋務運動卻沒有意識到促進西方進步與改革的政治制度和社會理論。

This weakness led to the movement’s failure.

這個忽視導致了運動的失敗。

Modernization during this period would have been difficult under the best of circumstances.

現代化進程在這段時期最好的情況下都很困難。

The bureaucracy was still deeply influenced by Neo-Confucian orthodoxy.

官僚機構仍然深受儒家正統思想的影響。

Chinese society was still reeling from the ravages of the Taiping and other rebellions, and foreign encroachments continued to threaten the integrity of China.

中國社會仍然受到太平軍和其他起義的破壞，西方的侵略繼續威脅着中國的統一和完整。

The first step in the foreign powers’ effort to carve up the empire was taken by Russia, which had been expanding into Central Asia.

西方列強中第一個嘗試瓜分中國的是俄國，當時它已經擴張到了中亞地區。

By the 1850s, tsarist troops also had invaded the Heilong Jiang watershed of Manchuria, from which their countrymen had been ejected under the Treaty of Nerchinsk.

到19世紀50年代，沙皇的部隊也向滿洲國的黑龍江流域進攻，原本居住在那裏的人們受到了《尼布楚條約》的驅逐。

The Russians used the superior knowledge of China they had acquired through their century-long residence in Beijing to further their aggrandizement.

俄國人通過他們居住在北京幾個世紀以來獲得的有關中國的大量知識來加大擴張。

In 1860 Russian diplomats secured the secession of all of Manchuria north of the Heilong Jiang and east of the Wusuli Jiang (Ussuri River).

1860年，俄國外交官將黑龍江北部及烏蘇里江東部從滿洲國分裂出來。

Foreign encroachments increased after 1860 by means of a series of treaties imposed on China on one pretext or another.

1860年之後，通過條約，一個又一個施加在中國身上的理由加速了西方的入侵。

The foreign stranglehold on the vital sectors of the Chinese economy was reinforced through a lengthening list of concessions.

西方對於中國重要經濟部門的控制由於國家不斷的讓步而加強。

Foreign settlements in the treaty ports became extraterritorial sovereign pockets of territories over which China had no jurisdiction.

他們在中國通商口岸的駐紮使之成爲了西方的境外領土，中國對這些區域卻失去了管轄權。

The safety of these foreign settlements was ensured by the menacing presence of warships and gunboats.

他們具有威懾力的軍艦和炮艇保障了這些外國人定居點的安全。

At this time the foreign powers also took over the peripheral states that had acknowledged Chinese suzerainty and given tribute to the emperor.

這個時期，外國列強還控制了中國周邊的國家，這些國家曾承認中國使它們的宗主國並向清朝皇帝進貢。

France colonized Cochin China, as southern Vietnam was then called, and by 1864 established a protectorate over Cambodia. Following a victorious war against China in 1884—1885, France also took Annam.

法國殖民了交趾支那，也就是後來的越南，並在1864年使柬埔寨成爲了受保護國。在1884到1885年間戰勝中國後，法國又佔領了安南。

Britain gained control over Burma.

英國獲得了緬甸的控制權。

Russia penetrated into Chinese Turkestan (the modern-day Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region).

俄國攻入了中國的突厥斯坦（今天的新疆維吾爾自治區）。

Japan, having emerged from its century-and-a-half-long seclusion and having gone through its own modernization movement, defeated China in the war of 1894—1895.

日本從其長達一個半世紀之久的隱退中興起，在經歷了自己的現代化運動後，於1894到1895年間與中國的戰爭中勝利。

The Treaty of Shimonoseki forced China to cede Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan, pay a huge indemnity, permit the establishment of Japanese industries in four treaty ports, and recognize Japanese hegemony over Korea.

《馬關條約》迫使中國將臺灣和澎湖列島割讓給日本，支付鉅額賠償，允許日本在四個通常口岸建立工廠，並將對韓國的領導權交給日本。

In 1898 the British acquired a ninety-nine-year lease over the so-called Territories of Kowloon (or Jiulong in pinyin), which increased the size of their Hong Kong colony.

1898年，英國獲得了對九龍地區99年的租期，這擴大了他們香港殖民地的版圖。

Britain, Japan, Russia, Germany, France, and Belgium each gained spheres of influence in China.

英國、日本、俄國、德國、法國和比利時分別在中國劃定了自己的勢力範圍。

The United States, which had not acquired any territorial cessions, proposed in 1899 that there be an “open door” policy in China， whereby all foreign countries would have equal duties and privileges in all treaty ports within and outside the various spheres of influence.

美國，由於沒有獲得任何領土割讓，於1899年宣佈在中國實行“門戶開放”政策，通過這些政策，所有外國列強都在他們勢力範圍內外的通商口岸獲得了平等的義務和特權。

All but Russia agreed to the United States overture.

所有國家除俄國外都同意了美國的提議。