中英雙語話中國歷史名人 第5期:商鞅
Shang Yang (original name Kung-sun Yang，died in 338 B. C.) was a Chinese statesman and thinker whose successful reorganization of the state of Qin paved the way for the eventual unification of the Chinese empire by the Qin Dynasty(221 B. C.~206 B. C.).
商鞅，原名公孫鞅，卒於公元前338年，政治家、思想家。商鞅對秦國政府的成功重組爲秦國最終統一中國建立秦朝(公元前221年至公元前206年)鋪平了道路。Shang Yang believed that the integrity of a state could be maintained only with power and that power consisted of a large army and full granaries.
商鞅認爲只有軍力強大、物產豐足才能維持一個國家的完整。
Entering into the service of Duke Hsiao，head of the state of Qin，Shang Yang replaced the feudal division of the country with a system of centrally appointed governors.
被秦孝公起用後，商鞅停止了國家分治的局面，開始了中央集權。
He instituted compulsory military service and a new system of land division and taxation and insisted on strict and uniform administration of the law.
商鞅創建了兵役制，新的土地分配和徵稅制度，並且堅持嚴格統一地執行法律。He is also said to have forced all persons into“productive occupations," such as farming or soldiering (but not commerce)，and to have set up a system of mutual spying among the people.
據說商鞅還強制使所有的人從事像耕作和服役(除了商業)這樣的“生產職業”。When he fell into disgrace in 338 B. C.，he was tied to chariots and torn apart.
公元前338年，商鞅失勢，被車裂而死。The work Shang Chün Shu (“Book of the Lord of Shang") probably contains writings and ideas of Shang Yang，although the exact authorship of the book is in doubt.
《商君書》儘管具體的原作者尚存疑問，但它很可能有商鞅的作品和思想。It is one of the major works of the highly pragmatic and authoritarian legalist school of Chinese philosophy.
它是非常重視實用和獨裁的中國法家學派的主要著作之一。
