盤點已經擁有2000年曆史的十大職業(下)
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3.士兵Presumably, the first tussles between humans were mostly unorganized, spontaneous skirmishes.
據推測，人類之間最初的爭鬥主要是無組織的、自發的小規模戰爭。But at some point, people thought to organize a group of talented fighters from their midst in order to protect themselves and/or for aggression.
但就在某個時間節點，人們認爲應該組織一羣善於作戰的戰士來保護他們自己或者侵略其他羣體。
These were the first armies, filled with the world's first soldiers.
這就是最初軍隊的雛形，也是世界上的第一批士兵。Military historians trace these early fighters to Sumer, which first existed around 4000 B.C.E.
軍事歷史學家認爲最早的士兵可以追溯到公元前4000年的蘇美爾人。One of the oldest urban civilizations on Earth, the city-state was located in what is today Iraq.
蘇美爾位於今天的伊拉克，是地球上最古老的現代文明之一。
The first recorded war was from 2525 B.C.E. and was about two cities in Sumer fighting over possession of the region of Guendena. The Sumerians, who fought constantly over 2,000 years, also invented the helmet, the chariot and the sickle sword (a sword with a crescent-shaped blade) among other military gear.
最早有記載的戰爭發生在公元前2525年，蘇美爾的兩座城邦爲了圭地那地區的所屬權而大打出手，這場戰爭持續了超過2000年，在戰爭期間，頭盔、戰車和鐮刀劍（一種劍刃是彎月狀的劍）等軍事裝備相繼被髮明出來。From there, soldiers spread to every corner of the world.
從那開始，士兵這項職業開始在全世界落地生根。Some of the more notable forces over time were the Mongol Army, 1 million strong, which conquered most of Eurasia starting in 1206; the Roman Army, which similarly corralled the Western world; and the Ottoman Army, which subjugated people in the Middle East, Balkans and North Africa for 500 years, until the 19th century.
迄今爲止，有很多“名留青史”的軍隊：比如說，蒙古軍隊，自1206年起就憑藉着百萬雄師在歐亞大陸上所向披靡；同樣，羅馬軍隊在西方世界也難遇敵手；奧斯曼軍隊則佔領了中東、巴爾幹半島和北非近500年，直到19世紀。With nearly every nation on Earth in possession of an army, "soldier" is almost assuredly a profession that is here to stay.
正因爲地球上的每個國家幾乎都擁有一支軍隊，所以士兵成了一種不可或缺的職業。emason
2.石匠The Great Pyramid of Giza, built 4,500 years ago, is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
建造於4500年前的吉薩金字塔是世界古代七大奇蹟之一。Comprising some 2 million blocks of limestone, it's the largest and most accurately built stone monument in the world.
它由超過200萬塊石灰岩石組成，是世界上最大的具有歷史意義的建築。Around the same time, over in England, talented people constructed Stonehenge. Both of these are the work of ancient, skilled stonemasons.
大約在同一時期的英國，充滿智慧的勞動人民建造出了史前巨石柱。這兩處建築都是古代技藝精湛的石匠們的作品。
Stonemasons transform hunks of stone or rock into geometric shapes that can be used to create structures or art — everything from buildings and statues to temples and fountains. For centuries the craft remained largely the same.
石匠們將巨大的岩石塑造出具有幾何美感的形狀後，應用於建築物或藝術品的建造，我們可以在建築物、雕塑、塔或噴泉中看到這些具有藝術氣息的岩石。千百年來，手工藝人與石匠幾乎做着類型相似的工作。Practitioners would use a mallet, chisel and metal straight edge to create a flat surface in the stone or rock. It wasn't until the 20th century that things changed a bit.
習藝人會用木槌、鑿子和金屬直邊工具在石塊或岩石上塑造平面，手藝代代相傳，直到20世紀機器的出現。Engines enabled enormous stones to be moved and placed with ease, while power saws helped stonemasons cut the rocks more rapidly and precisely.
引擎動力使得巨大的岩石可以隨人意願任意移動放置，電鋸也幫助石匠們可以更加迅速與精確地切割岩石。Today, there are several types of stonemasons. Some may split sheet rock in quarries, while others carve designs in gravestones or build houses and walls.
如今，石匠存在到今天已經演變出了多種類型，一些石匠專門從採石場分離石膏板，也有一些人專門從事墓碑設計雕刻，另外一些人則專門建造房屋牆壁建築。or
1.裁縫Many of us living today have no experience with a professional tailor, as we purchase mass-produced clothing or, possibly, sew our own.
如今我們習慣於在連鎖專賣店裏購買服裝，或者少部分人自己縫製服裝，以至於我們在生活中不曾和專業的裁縫打過交道。Yet tailors are everywhere, as they have been for ages. Tailors design, cut, fit and sew clothing.
但是裁縫們卻無處不在，事實上他們已經存在了很久的時間。裁縫專門爲客戶設計、剪裁併縫製服裝。Tailors can be found in the earliest societies. In ancient Rome, for example, tailors belonged to trade guilds, which means tailoring must have been a substantial industry. Slaves were also trained as tailors.
我們甚至可以在最早的社會羣體中找到裁縫的身影。在古羅馬時代，裁縫隸屬於當時的貿易公會，說明在當時裁縫業是一個規模龐大的行業。人們甚至訓練奴隸們量體裁衣的技巧。
While the garments worn back then were rather simple — think togas and tunics — the way you dressed indicated your status, thus skilled tailors were valuable.
然而當時的服飾畢竟是較爲簡單的，主要是託加袍和短袍，因爲人們的穿着代表着人們的社會地位，所以專業裁縫便十分搶手了。One ancient drawing showed a tailor selling goods from sample cards. Tailors also cleaned and pressed togas for customers — a common task in a dirty city where people wore white flowing robes.
一幅古代的畫作上就畫着一位裁縫售賣衣服樣品卡的情景。他們也替客戶們清洗熨燙他們的託加袍，這在當時是一個常見的業務，因爲城市衛生狀況不好時，市民們的白色長袍很容易弄髒。Today, tailors (also called dressmakers, custom sewers and seamstresses) might have their own business, or work in a retail shop or boutique, for a clothing manufacturer or for fashion designers and patternmakers.
如今，裁縫們（裁縫tailors也被稱爲dressmakers, custom sewers, seamstresses）基本上都在服裝零售店和高級時裝店裏從業，也有些人從事服裝業，做時尚設計師或圖案製作師。Although no specific degree is required, professional tailors must be skilled in sewing, patternmaking and fashion design.
雖然沒有一個嚴格的從業標準，但是專業的裁縫必須精通縫紉、版圖製作和時尚設計。
