新託福閱讀推理題深度解析
推理題的標誌是在題幹中出現infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 這樣的詞彙，它和細節題屬於同源題目，都需要定位並且根據文中信息來選擇答案。與細節題不同的是，推理題在找到原文中定位點之後考察的是學生對於文中信息的總結概括，或者反向推理的能力。下面小編給大家帶來新託福閱讀推理題。
新託福閱讀推理題深度解析
推理題的兩大分類：有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題。這裏所謂的有共性推理題就是說題幹中有和原文內容相同的關鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據關鍵詞回原文定位，然後進行推理。一般來說，大多數的推理題都屬於這類題目。對於無共性的推理題，也就是題幹中無線索，一般使用排除法，即根據各個選項的關鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點，採用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。
推理題大概有三個解題思路：一般對比推理、時間對比推理、集合概念推理。一般對比推理：根據兩個事情的對比特徵，問其中一個事物的特徵，只要將與之形成對比的另外一個事情的特徵否定掉就可以。時間對比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特徵一般相反。當題幹問一個時間段的特徵時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特徵否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一個大的集合的兩個方面形成對比，兩者之間存在着互補性關係，也就是一個的增加意味着另一個的減少。反之，相同。
在這裏我們先來看一個例子：
Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
did not smoke when they were burned.
produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
were not available to all.
contained sulfuric acid.
正確答案是C.這一段的第一句就告訴我們：19世紀的一些新發明和發現也對蠟燭工業產生了一次巨大的革命，這次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。從這句話中我們可以得到兩層信息：19世紀蠟燭工業有了一次革命性的變化;在沒有這次變革之前，也就是在19世紀以前，照明並不是所有人都能使用的。因爲作者在談論的是蠟燭的變革，所以這裏所說的“lighting照明”一定是與蠟燭有關的照明，其實也就是告訴我們19世紀以前並不是所有人都能夠使用到蠟燭帶來的照明，這一推論出的信息正好與選項C吻合。文章第一句同時也是一個時間的分水嶺，告訴我們19世紀蠟燭工業的變革是怎麼樣的。“在19世紀早期到中期，蠟燭處理工藝使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 來提煉 tallow，提煉後的產品就是 stearin，stearin 比未經提煉的tallow堅硬而且燃燒得更久。這一巨大的變化意味着製造出不產生煙和rancid味道的蠟燭是可能的。”在這裏的一個關鍵詞是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、氣味)不新鮮的;腐臭的;正好與選項b的pleasant odor相反。19世紀前的蠟燭產生usualsmoke(經常有煙)，這與選項a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世紀用來處理fallow的材料，在19世紀以前是沒有使用的，這與選項d相反。
解答這類題目時要注意這些關鍵信息點：日期和數字、關鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態動詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
在此，我們再來看一道例題：
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
e were great numbers of them.
c. They lived in the sea only.
did not leave many fossil remains.
首先我們來對題目的出題範圍進行定位，題乾的blowhole可以作爲定位詞彙，定位到原文的第四句話：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在這句話裏交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即與sea otters 不一樣的是，whales 的陳述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一頭鯨長什麼樣子。而sea ottter 是和鯨魚相反，所以選擇A選項，即不難看出第一頭sea otter 長什麼樣子。所以實際上，這種題目雖然叫做推理題，但是並不需要同學們在做題的時候推的過遠，基本考察的還是對原文信息概括和總結的能力。
託福閱讀TPO31第2篇:Early Children Education
【1】Preschools—educational programs for children under the age of five—differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education. For instance, in a cross-country comparison of preschools in China, Japan, and the United States, researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently. Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically, Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group. In the United States, in comparison, parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant, although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.
【2】While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors, some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten. In the United Stated, the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start. Established in the 1960s when the United States declared the War on Poverty, the program has served over 13 million children and their families. The program, which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the “whole child”, including children’s physical health, self-confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development.
【3】Whether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking. If, for instance, the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ (intelligence quotient) scores, it is a disappointment. Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains, these increases do lot last. On the other hand, it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school. Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programs have better future school grade. Finally, some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest.
【4】In addition, results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that those who participate and graduate are less like to repeat grades, and they are more like to complete school than readiness program, for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduated reached the age of 27.
【5】The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs suggests that, taken as a group, preschool programs can provide significant benefits, and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs. For instance, compared with children who did not participate in early intervention programs, participants in various programs showed gains in emotional or cognitive development, better educational outcomes, increased economic self-sufficiency, reduced levels of criminal activity, and improved health-related behaviors. Of course, not every program produced all these benefits, and not every child benefited to the same extent. Furthermore, some researchers argue that less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones, such as Head Start. Still, the results of the evaluation were promising, suggesting that the potential benefits of early intervention can be substantial.
【6】Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’ control, such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation. Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.
rding to paragraph l, parents in Japan tend to think of preschool primarily as a place where children can
a good academic start.
nd their emotional development.
me more independent.
rience being part of a group.
word "Whereas" in the passage is closet in meaning to
ough.
use.
over.
ady.
word "focus" in the passage is closet in meaning to
ider.
ect.
entrate.
se.
can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Head Start program was designed to serve children who
from families that do not have a lot of money.
not doing very well in kindergarten.
born in the 1950s.
programs that focus primarily on social and emotional factors.
rding to paragraph 3, the Head Start program had NOT been successful at which of the following?
ing children adjust to school.
iding long-term increase in IQ scores.
oving school performance throughout high school.
enting children from being placed in special-education classes.
paragraph 4，the author mentions the "results from other types of readiness programs" to
ide support for the idea that preschool readiness programs have been somewhat successful.
tion the idea that Head Start is more effective than other preschool readiness programs.
cate school completion is usually the most reliable indicator of success in most readiness programs.
asize that participation in readiness programs can be increased if costs are reduced.
rding to paragraph 4, a cost-benefit analysis of one preschool readiness program revealed that
one dollar's worth of benefit was gained for every seven dollars spent on the program.
benefits of the program lasted only until the participants reached age ayers saved seven dollars for every dollars spent on the program.
be successful, the program would need to receive about seven times as much money as it currently receives.
word "comprehensive" in the passage is closest in meaning to
ly understood.
ough.
ectable.
ctive.
graph 5 mentions that participants in early intervention programs have been shown to do all of the following better than nonparticipants EXCEPT
care of there health.
ort themselves financially.
care of their own children.
increased emotional development.
rding to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about the benefits of early intervention programs?
e programs produce good short-term benefits but few long-term benefits.
the most expensive programs provide substantial benefits.
Head Start program provides a range of benefits that no other program can provide.
children benefit more than others do from these programs.
word "seek" in the passage is closet in meaning to
m.
ge.
.
mpt.
passage mentions "developmental psychologist David Elkind" in order to
an example of an expert who has designed an effective early childhood education program.
oduce an alternative view about the value of early childhood education.
ain why early childhood education programs are less effective in the United States than in other countries.
te the claim that academic success is dependent on factors outside parents' control.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the e would the sentence best fit? According Elkind, not only does this cause the child emotional distress, it also fails to bring the intended cognitive gains.
Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. ■【A】 In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. ■【B】 Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents'control, such as inherited abilities and a child's rate of maturation. ■【C】Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. ■【D】ln short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Preschool programs provide opportunities for young children to develop socially, emotionally, and cognitively.
addition to stressing academic development, preschools should be enjoyable, since studies show that children benefit from programs they find fun.
chool programs such as Head Start have been shown to help prepare children for school and may also have long-team benefits in helping children become effective adults.
ies have shown that preschool programs are most effective when they focus on only one area of development rather than trying to serve the "whole child".
primary purpose of preschool programs varies by country, with some stressing the importance of group experience, and others self-reliance or getting a good academic start.
ics of preschool programs argue that these programs put undue pressure on children and may not be effective of children are not developmentally ready for academic work.
d Elkind is a critic of publicity funded preschool programs, arguing that the parent cannot control their children's emotional development.
託福閱讀答案
1.根據題目中Parents in Japan，定位可直接得到答案D。
2.這裏對比了Chinese和Japanese家長之間的差別，所以A最合適。
s是集中的意思， 另外這裏和focus配合的介詞是on，concentrate也用 on，所以這裏幫助推斷。
4.根據Head Start定位， 後面的內容就是對Head Start這個program的介紹，首先是 I960年開始的，和C矛盾， 然後說是在US宣佈了 War on Poverty (貧窮)的時候，所以是爲窮人設計的，符合A。 B沒提到，D在這段的開頭提到了，但是不是針對Head Start的描述，Head Start目標 是"whole child"，德智體美勞全面發展。
5.只有B不對應，其他的幾個選項根據後文中的內容都是正確的。
6.利用 results of readiness programs定位到本段第一句，本句內容：參加這些 program留級的可能性小，而且還能省錢，所以選A。
7.A改變了原文意思，B文章沒說只到27, D和原文意思正好相反。
rehensive是全面的，綜合的意思，使用代入法，A最易懂的，B完整的，C值得尊敬的，D客觀的 中，AC可以排除，不通順，B和D之間就需要理解 comprehensive的詞意來確定。
9.根據關鍵詞定位至For instance開始的內容，其中不包括C。
10.A對應 "reduction in future costs〃證明是 long term 的 benefit，所以A錯誤。B對應 "less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones〃說明便宜和貴的一樣好，B選項也不對。 C沒提到。D對應not every child benefited to the same extent，正確。
本身是尋找，追求的意思。A是要求，B是設法，管理， C是失敗，D是嘗試，所以D 最合適。
12.關鍵詞對應後，根據本段的第一句，Elkind是作爲反面觀點的例子出現的，所以是爲了闡述另外一面的觀點，選B。
13.要插入的句子中有not only，also的結構，那麼起到的就是承上啓下的作用。句子前面一定出現emotional distress的內容，後面要引出的就是 intended cognitive gains的相關內容，所以選B。
託福閱讀譯文
【1】由於不同社會持有的關於兒童早教目的觀點的不同，學前班(5歲以下兒童的教育項目)的形式在不同國家也大不相同。比如說，在一項中、日、美三國的跨國學前班調査中，調査者發現這三個國家的父母對學前教育的看法大相徑庭。中國的父母大都認爲上學前班可以幫孩子們打開學術上的大門，日本父母則把其看做是一個使孩子融入集體的好機會。相比之下，美國父母認爲學前班最主要的目的是讓孩子減少依賴性並變得更加自立，儘管獲得一個良好的學業開端和團隊經驗同樣重要。
【2】許多爲學齡前兒童設計的課程項目主要集中在社會因素和情感因素上，而有些主要是爲提升學齡前孩子們的認知能力和給他們提供開始上幼兒園後會經歷的正規指導。在美國，衆所周知，爲促進未來學術成功設計的項目叫“Head Start”，在20世紀60年代美國開始“對貧窮開戰”時建立的。這個項目已經爲超過13000000孩子和其家庭提供服務。其強調的是家長的參與，爲培養“全方位發展的兒童”所設計的，包括孩子的身體健康、自信心、社會責任感以及社交能力與情感的發展。
【3】“Head Start”的成功與否取決於人們看待的角度。比如說，如果人們希望它可以帶來智商的長期増長，那它終將是令人失望。因爲，儘管“Head Start”可以使智力迅速地提高，但這種増長並不會持續太久。另一方面，很顯然，“Head Start”的目標是讓學齡前兒童做好上學的準備。相對那些沒參與過“Head Start”計劃的孩子們而言，參加了這個項目的孩子們對學業有着更充分的準備。而且，“Head Start”的畢業生今後的學習成績會更好。最後，調查表明，雖然收穫一般，但最終“Head Start”的畢業生在高中結束時會取得更高的學術成就。
【4】此外，從其他類型的學齡前預備項目的結果來看，那些參加過學前項目的畢業生很少重讀，他們更願意完成學校而不是預備項目。在畢業生長到27歲時，納稅人在這個項目上曾經花費的每1美元都可省下7美元。
【5】最近關於早期介入項目的綜合評估表明，總的來說，學前項目可以帶來巨大的收益，政府在早期投入的資金最終會減少未來的花銷。比如說，與沒有參與早期介入項目的孩子相比, 參加了各種項目的孩子在情感和認知能力上得到了提高，改善了教育成果，提高了經濟的自足性，減少了犯罪行爲的發生，健康行爲得到了改進。當然，不是所有的項目都能產生這樣的收益，也不是每個孩子都能得到同等程度的提高。此外，一些調査者稱那些相對便宜的項目和昂貴項目結果一樣好。評估的結果仍然很樂觀，它認爲早期介入的潛在好處是不可估量的。
【6】並不是所有人都認爲在學前期追求學術上的提高是一件好事。事實上，據發展心理學家 大衛??艾爾凱德所說，美國社會急於催促逼迫孩子，以至於他們年紀小卻感到壓力。艾爾凱德認爲學術上的成功主要取決於父母控制以外的因素，如天生的能力和孩子的成熟程度。因此，如果不考慮特定年齡段孩子們目前的認知發展水平，就不能期待他們掌握教材。總之，孩子們需要發展適當的教育實踐，那就是基於孩子的典型發展和獨特性的教育。
