中英雙語話歷史 第73期:宋及並存的遼,金和西夏(金)
The Jin, founded by Wanyan Aguda (known as Emperor Taizu), was a regime dominated by the Nuzhen people. Its capital was first in the Huining Prefecture (now Baicheng, south of Acheng, Heilongjiang Province), then in Yanjing (now Beijing), and lastly, in Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Ruled by nine emperors, and lasted for 120 years. At its height, it had a population of 44. 7 million people and its territory extended as far as the Outer Xing’an Ling Mountain in the north，the Huai River in the south，the coastline in the east, and Shaanxi in the west.
The ancestors of the Nuzhen had first lived in the Changbai Mountains and the Heilongjiang River valley.
女真族的祖先很早就生活在長白山和黑龍江流域。The name “Nijzhen” did not appear in historical records until the Five Dynasties period when it was under the control of the Khitan.
五代時，女真之名始見於史籍，並受遼契丹所統治。
The Nuzhen was in preliminary clan stage at the beginning of the Liao and then it grew quickly with the using of the iron tools and expansion of the population. Towards the end of the Liao, Nuzhen developed strong enough.
在遼統治初期，它還處於原始氏族形態，但隨着人口的增加與鐵器的大量使用，使其快速發展起來，到遼末年，女真族已成爲北方一支不可小覷的力量。After its Wanyan tribe established a tribal union, all its tribes quickly got unified. In the 4th year of Tianqing(1114), Wanyan Aguda, the leader of the Nuzhens, performed a ritual with his armies on the bank of the Lailiu River (present-day Jianlalin River between Heilongjiang and Jilin) and declared war on the Liao.
女真完顏部首領完顏阿骨打，在統一了女真各部後,於遼天慶四年 (1114)九月，率部誓師於淶流河（今黑龍江與吉林省間拉林河）畔，向遼朝的契丹統治者宣戰。After his victories in Ningjiang and Chuhedian, Aguda assumed the imperial title in the 5th year of Tianqing(1115). He named his regime the Great Jin and used Shouguo as his reign title.
他在取得寧江大捷和出河店之戰勝利後，於遼天慶五年（1115)稱帝建國，國號大金，年號收國。After winning a decisive victory in the battle of Hubudagang, the Jin carried out its plan to conquer the Liao.
金朝建國後，在護步答岡會戰中大敗遼軍，隨後展開以遼五京爲戰略目標的滅遼之戰。It attacked and captured five important Liao cities： the “eastern capital”（present-day Liaoyang in Liaoning), the “upper capital”（south of present-day Barin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia), the Mmiddle capitar, (present-day Damingcheng, west of Ningcheng in Inner Mongolia), the uwestern cap-ital” (present-day Datong, Shanxi) and the “southern capital” (present-day Beijing).
攻取五京的前後步驟是東京（今遼寧遼陽）、上京（今內蒙古巴林左旗南）、中京（今內蒙古寧城西大名城）、西京（今山西大同）、南京（今北京）。The conquest of these “five capitals” by the Jin regime brought about the immediate fall of the Liao.
這五部分的攻取對遼是致命的打擊。In 1120, Jin made an agreement with the Northern Song to form a joint attack on the Liao. And in 1125, the Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao was captured and the north part of China was under the control of the Jin.
公元1120年,金與宋簽定“海上之盟”共同對遼，公元1125年，遼天祚帝被俘，金國完全控制了北方。Immediately after conquered the Liao, the Jin then turned against the Northern Song.
在消滅遼國以後，金國把矛頭直指向宋朝。Ascending the throne, Emperor Taizong (Wanyan Sheng), greatly encouraged by the Liao defeat, swept to attack the Northern Song successfully in the following wars out of the incompetence of rulers of the Song, though the army of Song resisted with all their mighty. And Jin seized Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song, captured the Emperors of Hui and Qin and put an end to the Northern Song in 1127.
稱帝之後,金太宗吳乞買（完顏晟）挾滅遼之威，大舉進攻宋朝,雖然宋軍民全力反抗，但由於宋統治者的無能,使得金國連連得勝,於金天會五年（1127)攻佔了北宋都城開封，虜去徽、欽二帝，使北宋滅亡。Later the Jin waged many wars against the Southern Song, but was fought back by the troops of the Southern Song under the brilliant leaders of Yue Fei and Han Shizhong. The balance of power remained the same on two sides, the Jin and the Southern Song.
南宋王朝的建立使得金國繼續向南進兵，而南宋的抗金名將岳飛、韓世忠等人對金國的抵抗使得金軍實力大降，無力再和南宋交戰，形成了南北對峙的局面。While the rival dynasties existed side by side, the Jin succeeded in forcing the Xi Xia to become its subject state and the Southern Song to sue for peace.
金在與南宋、西夏並立期間，迫使西夏臣附、南宋屈辱求和，始終維持其霸主地位。However ,the rise of the Mongols posed a threat since they were decided enemies of the Jin.
但是，隨着蒙古的興起，金的強國地位受到了威脅。The hatred towards the Jin was deep into the marrow.
金蒙世仇，結怨甚深，蒙古人對金“怨人骨髓”。Surrounded as it by the Mongolia to the north, the Western Xia to the west, and the Southern Song to the south, the Jin was in an unfavorable situation.
金西北鄰蒙古，西鄰西夏，南鄰南宋,處於西、西北、南三戰之地，戰略地位有明顯的弱勢。The best course of action would have been that of uniting with the Xi Xia and the Southern Song against the Mongols—as its alliance with the Xi Xia could prevent the Mongols from marching southward and a good relationship with the Southern Song would exempt it from southern threats.
對待三國的戰略，金的正確選擇是結夏聯宋，對抗蒙古。團結西夏，可以從西面牽制蒙古南下。成吉思汗於建國後對金“乃定議致討，然未敢輕動”，其重要原因是擔心攻金時西夏可能構成的側面威脅。In this way, the Jin could avoid fighting on two fronts and have its strength focused on fighting againt the Mongols.
聯合南宋，可以免除後顧之憂，避免兩面作戰,全力對付蒙古。But instead, the Jin abandoned the Xi Xia, attacked the Southern Song and the Mongols, meaning that it had created three enemies for itself. The Jin became isolated and helpless.
然而，金朝統治者卻錯誤地選擇了絕夏、攻宋、抗蒙的戰略，結果三面樹敵，自我孤立，致使形勢急轉直下。When the Mongols attacked the Xi Xia, the Xia asked the Jin for help, but the latter refused to. The Western Xia then surrendered to the Mongols. They joined together to attack the Jin who was now squeezed into a corner.
蒙古攻西夏，西夏求援於金，金坐視不救，西夏投附於蒙古，與蒙古聯手攻金，金處於西、北兩面受敵窘境。To remove threats from the west and the north, the Jin removed its capital from Zhongdu to Bianjing and tried to win o-ver the south for compensating the loss of the north. Accordingly, it left the northern territories open to Mongolian conquest and began to attack the Southern Song but achieved almost nothing.
金爲減輕壓力，從中都遷都汴京,採取棄北圖南的戰略，進攻南宋，企圖挹彼注茲，失之於蒙而獲利於宋，於是“南開宋戰，西啓夏侮，兵力既分，功不補患”。With pincers attacks by the Mongols and the Southern Song, the Jin gradually lost power and its downfall was unavoidable.
結果，金北方盡失於蒙,南方受挫於宋，國土日蹙，國力日衰。In 1233, Wokuotai, the Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty took Bianjing, Emperor of Jin, Aizong fled to Caizhou and in the following years, Jin was destroyed by the joint force of the Mongolia and the Southern Song, which brought the Jin to an end.
金國於天興元年（1233),元太宗窩闊臺帥軍攻下汴京，金哀宗逃至蔡州，次年，蔡州在蒙古軍與宋 軍聯合進攻下被攻破,金國至此宣告滅亡。The Jin’s political, military and economic system changed in its early and late periods.
金國的政治、軍事及經濟制度前後有所變化。During the “tribal union” period, the premier and the union chieftains (clan elder in Nuzhen) shared the power of administering different Nuzhen r the founding of the Jin Dynasty, the premier and the union chieftains were replaced by four and later five chief executives, to form the highest authority under the emperor.
女真部落聯盟時採用國相制，國相與部落聯盟長都勃極烈分治諸部。After conquering a number of the Liao and the Song territories during Emperor Taizong^ reign, the Jin adopted some of their practices and systems.
金太宗時，佔領遼、宋之地後，開始採用許多遼、宋制度。Both Emperor Xizong and the Prince of Hailing introduced reforms.
金熙宗時,對各項制度作了改革。The Prince Hailing also move the capital to Zhongdu (present Beijing), and standarlized its regemens and carried out further reforms.
金海陵王遷都中都（今北京），統一制度，又作了進一步的改革。During the reign of Emperor Shizong, a complete political system was set up.
金世宗時，各項制度大體確立。The primary body, the State Council, helped the central government deal with state affairs. Under the State Council, there were “Six Boards”:the Board of Civil Service, the Board of Revenue, the Board of Rites, the Board of War, the Board of Punishments, and the Board of Works.
中央設尚書省綜理政務,下設吏、戶、禮、兵、刑、工六部分掌政務。Local governmerits were divided into four levels.
地方設路、府、州、縣四級。The military service system was based on that of the Nuzhen, with those of the Qidan, the Bohai, the Xi and the Han integrated.
金朝的軍事制度是一種多成分的結合體，在原女真軍制的基礎上，廣泛吸收了契丹，渤海、奚、漢等民族的軍事制度，而有其自身的特點。Military organization was relatively simple, with emphasis placed on the cavalry and other arms developed at the same time. Its troops were made up of soldiers of many nationalities, either mercenaries or conscripts. Officers enjoyed high status.
金朝軍事機構較爲簡化，重視騎兵的作用，也逐步建立和發展其他兵種，軍隊中民族成分複雜，實行籤軍和募兵兵役制度，軍事職官的地位較高。This system exerted great influence upon that of later dynasties.
金朝的軍制對後世的軍制有一定的影響。The early stage of the Jin was economically backwards with the remaining features of the preliminary tribe.
金國在剛剛建立起來的時候，國力非常落後，經濟制度還存在着一些原始社會的殘餘。Since Taizong, Xizong and the King of Hailing, there were drastic changes happened ： the Jin transformed from a nomadic tribe to a feudal society with agriculture as the fundamental support, which laid foundation for its further development.
自太宗、熙宗、海陵王以來，金國進行了全面的轉變，使其從原來的遊牧部落變成了一個以農業爲主的封建集權制國家，爲其今後的發展奠定了基礎。The farming, handicrafts and commerce flourished, but different areas achieved varying degrees of social and economic development in Jin. Although some features of traditional Nuzhen culture were inherited by the Jin, it was the Han culture and Liao culture that dominated the Jin society.
金時，農業、手工業和商業都得到了發展,但各地區的經濟發展存在很大差異，雖然保留和吸收了女真族的某些文化傳統，但基本上是繼承遼、宋的漢族文化。
