中英雙語話史記 第95期:宋朝概況
Song Dynasty
宋朝General
概況The fall of the Tang Dynasty and the disruption of the empire did not mean an obvious break with the past.
唐朝的覆滅和國家的分崩離析並不意味着與過去的徹底決裂。
The Five Dynasties were all eager to reunify China and the Later Zhou (後周）had brought much of the country back under a single governance by 959 AD.
“五代”都希望能夠統一中國，後周在公元959年也使國家的大部分地區得到了統一管理。The ruling elite remained unaltered and the civil service continued the routine tasks of government with no serious disruption.
統治階層並未改變，行政部門仍負責處理政府的例行工作。The Ten States in the south showed the same obvious continuity and the examination system there continued.
南方的“十國”也展現了明顯的連貫性，科舉制度同樣得以留存。When Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤）seized power by a coup in Chenqiao (陳橋兵變）in 960 AD,
當趙匡胤在公元960年通過陳橋兵變奪取了政權後，he was able to consolidate and extend his control in a methodical manner.
他能夠系統地穩固和拓展他的統治。
The Song Dynasty that he founded has been divided into two periods----
他建立的宋朝分爲兩個時期——Firstly，the Northern Song (北宋）when the capital was in Kaifeng (開封）from 960 to 1127.
其一、自960年至1127年，以開封爲都城的北宋；Secondly, the Southern Song (南宋）， with the capital in present day Hangzhou (杭州）from 1127 to 1279.
其二、自1127年至1279年，以杭州都城的南宋。During the Song Dynasty, there were many threats from the northern borders by the Khitans (契丹）from the Liao Dynasty (遼國）， Tanguts from the Western Xia (西夏) Dynasty，and the Jurchens (女真) from the Jin dynasty (金國）.
宋朝時期，北方邊境有許多威脅，比如遼國的契丹族、西夏的党項族和金國的女真族。The Song dynasty itself can be divided into two distinct periods： the Northern Song and Southern Song.
宋朝分爲兩個階段：北宋和南宋。The Northern Song (北宋)， 960—1127) signifies the time when the Song capital was in the northern city of Kaifeng (幵封）and the dynasty controlled most of inner China.
北宋標誌着都城爲北方城市開封的一段時期，它控制了中國內地的大部分區域。The Southern Song (南宋，1127—1279) refers to the time after the Song lost control of northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty.
南宋（1127——1279）指女真族建立的金國奪取了中國北部以後的時期。The Song court retreated south of the Yangtze River (長江) and made their capital in Hangzhou (杭州）.
宋朝撤退到了長江以南，定都杭州。
