中英雙語話史記 第101期:宋朝文化藝術與經濟

Song Dynasty

宋朝

Arts, Culture and Economy

宋朝的藝術、文化與經濟

The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials.

宋朝的創建者建立了一個有效的中央集權的官僚機構並聘用了文官爲士大夫。

Regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials.

地方軍事將領和他們的追隨者被朝廷委派的官員所替代。

This system of civilian rule led to a greater concentration of power in the emperor and his palace bureaucracy than had been achieved in the previous dynasties.

這種文官統治的體系讓權力比前朝更多的集中於皇帝和他的官僚機構中。

The Song dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce.

宋朝以城市發展而聞名，這些城市不僅用於行政，還是商業、工業和海上貿易的中心。

The gentry-landed scholar-officials, sometimes collectively referred to as the gentry, lived in the provincial centers alongside the shopkeepers, artisans, and merchants.

擁有土地的那些士大夫，有時被並稱爲貴族，居住在附近有店主、工匠和商人的市中心。

A new group of wealthy commoners---- the mercantile class---- arose as printing and education spread, private trade grew, and a market economy began to link the coastal provinces and the interior.

一個新興的富裕人羣——商業階層，隨着繪畫和教育的傳播、私人貿易的發展以及與港口和內陸城市市場經濟聯繫的出現，產生了。

Landholding and government employment were no longer the only means of gaining wealth and prestige.

擁有土地和在政府任職已經不再是唯一獲得財富和聲譽的途徑了。

The development of paper money and a unified tax system meant the development of a true nationwide market system.

紙幣和統一稅收系統的發展意味着全國性的市場系統的進步。

Accompanying this was the beginnings of what one might term the Chinese industrial revolution.

伴隨着市場發展的是人們所說的“中國的工業革命”。

For example the historian Robert Hartwell has estimated that per capita iron output rose sixfold between 806 and 1078 (AD), such that, by 1078 China was producing 125 000 tons of iron per year.

比如，史學家羅伯特?哈特韋爾曾估算平均到沒人的鐵產出量在公元806年到1078年間翻了六倍，到1078年時，中國每年的鐵產量有125000噸。

This iron was used to mass produce ploughs, hammers, needles, pins, cymbals (etc.) for an indigenous mass market and for trade with the outside world, which also expanded greatly at this point.

這些鐵被廣泛用於製造犁、錘子、針、釘子和鐃鈸……來滿足本土的大衆市場以及在這段時期不斷擴展的與其他國家貿易的需求。

Concurrently the Chinese invented or developed gunpowder, the cannon, the flamethrower, printing technology, amongst many other things.

同時，中國還發明並發展了火藥、大炮、噴火器、繪圖技術以及其他一些東西。

As a result of these innovations (and the concurrent agricultural revolution) China boasted some of the largest cities of the world at this time.

因爲這些發明（還有同時期的農業革命），中國出現了一些這個時期世界上最大的城市。

For example it has been estimated that Hangzhou had 500 000 inhabitants at this point: far larger than any European city.

比如杭州在這個時期估計擁有500000居民，人數遠超歐洲城市。

Culturally, the Song refined many of the developments of the previous centuries.

文化上，宋朝改進了前朝的許多發展。

Included in these refinements were not only the Tang Dynasty ideal of the universal man, who combined the qualities of scholar, poet, painter, and statesman, but also historical Chinese classic texts writings, Chinese painting, calligraphy, and hard-glazed porcelain.

其中不僅有唐朝世通才（一種集合了學者、詩人、畫家和政治家品質的人才）概念的改善還有對於歷史上中國傳統經典書寫、中國畫、書法和硬釉面瓷器的改進。

Song intellectuals sought answers to all philosophical and political questions in the Confucian Classics.

宋朝的士人在儒家經典中尋找所有哲學和政治問題的答案。

This renewed interest in the Confucian ideals and society of ancient times coincided with the decline of Buddhism, which the Chinese regarded as foreign and offering few practical guidelines for the solution of political and other mundane problems.

這使人們重拾對於儒家想法和古時社會的興趣，同時這個時代還伴隨着佛教的衰敗，因爲人們認爲佛教是舶來品，無法爲政治和其他社會問題提供有效的指導。

The Song Neo-Confucian philosophers, finding a certain purity in the originality of the ancient classical texts, wrote commentaries on them.

宋朝的新儒家哲人在古老的經典著作中找到了某種程度上的純粹，他們爲這些經典書籍書寫評論。

The most influential of these philosophers was Zhu Xi (1130—1200), whose synthesis of Confucian thought and Buddhist, Taoism, and other ideas became the official imperial ideology from late Song times to the late 19th century.

朱熹（1130——1200）是其中最具影響力的哲學家，他對於儒家觀點和佛教、道教以及其他想法的集成在宋朝晚期到19世紀末期之間成爲了官方的國家思想意識。

As incorporated into the Imperial examination system, Zhu Xi's philosophy evolved into a rigid official creed, which stressed the one-sided obligations of obedience and compliance of subject to ruler, child to father, wife to husband, and younger brother to elder brother.

由於被併入了科舉考試體系中，朱熹的哲學思想變成了一種僵硬的官方教義，這加強了單方面人民對於統治者的服從、孩子對父親的服從、妻子對丈夫的服從以及弟弟對於哥哥的服從。

The effect was to inhibit the societal development of premodern China, resulting both in many generations of political, social, and spiritual stability and in a slowness of cultural and institutional change up to the 19th century.

這種教義抑制了中國近現代社會的發展，導致了好幾代人在政治、社會和精神上的固定不變以及一直持續到19世紀的文化和制度上的緩慢滯後。

Neo-Confucian doctrines also came to play the dominant role in the intellectual life of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.

新儒家教條在韓國、越南和日本的知識分子的生活中也處於支配地位。