中英雙語話史記 第130期:明清文化
Qing Dynasty
清朝Culture in the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty
明清文化During the Ming and the Qing dynasties, on account of the sprouting of capitalism and the merging and developing of the urban areas, the ideology of early enlightnment, which was directed against the dark autocratic politics, started to rise.
明清時期，由於資本主義的萌芽和城市地區的融合與發展，抵抗黑暗的獨裁政治的早期啓蒙思想開始出現了。
The representative figures were Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi and Dai Zhen in the end of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty.
代表人物有明末清初時期的李志、黃宗羲、顧炎武、王夫之和戴震。They exposed the irrationality of the system of autocratic monarchy, condemned the hypocrisy and cruelty of Neo-Confucianism, advocated practical learning and proposed a notion that industry and commerce were both the foundations.
他們表達了獨裁統治體系的不合理性、指責了儒家正統思想的僞善與殘忍、鼓勵學習的實用性並提出了工業和商業都是基礎的觀點。But on the whole, this criticism was still in this primary stage.
但是總體來說，這些批判仍然處於初期階段。It hadn’t formed into an integrated system of thought.
它並沒有形成思想的完整體系。Therefore, these social critics were not able to propose new plans for social reform.
因此，這些社會批評家無法爲社會改革提出新方案。In the period of the Ming and the Qing dynasties, facing the mature traditional culture, the ruling class took it as their key task to systemize academic achievements.
明清時期，面對着成熟的傳統文化，統治階級將系統化學術成就當做他們的主要任務。The Ming and the Qing dynasties employed plenty of manpower and abundant financial resources to collect and systemize a tremendous amount of ancient books.
明朝和清朝僱傭了一大批人力和經濟資源來使大量的古代著作系統化。They successively compile “Great Encyclopedia of Yongle” and “A Collection of Books Ancient and Present”.
他們成功編著了《永樂大典》和《古今圖書集成》。These two books were works combining to some extent the characteristics of encyclopedias and concordances.
這兩本書在某種程度上結合了百科全書和著作索引的特點。“Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature” was a large-scaled collection.
《四庫全書》是一部大型藏書。“Complete collection of Prose in the Tang Dynasty” and “A Complete Collection of Poems in the Tang Dynasty” were general anthology of prose and verse.
《全唐文》和《全唐詩》綜合來說是散文和詩歌的選集。“The Kangxi Dictionary” and “Exegesis of Classical Works” were large reference books.
《康熙字典》和《典籍註釋》是大型的參考書。Meanwhile, there rose a study of textual criticism, forming the “Qian Jia School” which was rather infulential at that time.
同時，這個時期產生了一門文學批判的學科，建立的乾家學派在那時非常有影響力。From the angel of philosophy and by means of exegesis, the scholars re-annotated Confucian classies and other classical works.
通過哲學的支持和解釋，學者們重新爲儒家經典和其他典籍作了註釋。It was one of the great achievements in China’s ancient cultural history.
這是中國古典文學史上最偉大的成就之一。So they made an important contribution to preserving and inheriting the traditional Chinese culture.
因此，它們爲保存和繼承中國傳統文化作出了卓著的貢獻。In the literary world of the Ming and the Qing dynasties, the greatest success was attained in the creation of novels.
在明清時期的文學世界中，小說獲得了最大的成功。“The Romance of the Three Kingdoms”，“Water Margin”, “Pilgrimage to the West” and “A Dream of Red Mansions” were called altogether as the four greatest classical novels.
《三國演義》、《水滸傳》、《西遊記》和《紅樓夢》被稱爲四大名著。
In science and technology, there came into being some great academic works of summa， such as Li Shizhen’s “Compendium of Materia Medica”, Pan Jixun’s “A Survey of Flood-Prevention Work on Rivers”，Xu Guangqi’s “A Complete Treatise on Agriculture”，Song Yingxing’s “Tian Gong Kai Wu” and Xu Xiake’s “Xu Xiake’s Travel Notes”, etc.
科學和技術上出現了許多優秀的學術總結性論文，比如李時珍的《本草綱目》、潘季馴的《河防一覽》、宋應星的《天工開物》以及徐霞客的《徐霞客遊記》等等。The Brilliant academic achievements in a feeble political climate constituted a peculiar cultural landscape of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties.
軟弱的政治環境中燦爛的學術成就構成了明清時期一道特別的文化風景。
