託福獨立寫作以退爲進的“讓步段”寫法
能寫出一篇漂亮的獨立寫作，大概是所有考託福的同學們的殷切願望。“讓步段”可以讓你的文章論點更豐滿，更客觀，下面小編給大家帶來託福獨立寫作以退爲進的“讓步段”寫法。
託福獨立寫作以退爲進的“讓步段”寫法
俗話說“知己知彼，百戰不殆”，想寫出漂亮的“讓步段”，你必須去了解“讓步段”的由來和寫法。今天，就讓蔡潤光老師帶你學習“讓步段”!
對於一篇獨立寫作，主體段充分展開與否非常重要。在主體段段落安排時，除了寫支持段(supporting paragraphs)也可以使用讓步段(concession)。考生不禁會問：究竟何爲讓步段?爲何要寫讓步段?具體如何寫讓步段?筆者蔡蔡將會一一解答。
究竟何爲讓步段?
讓步段內容會寫到支持面的弊端或對立面的優點，貌似與立場相悖，南轅北轍;實則，讓步段並不是“搬石頭砸自己的腳”，而是爲了“退一小步，近一大步”以退爲進地加強文章立場。
爲何要寫讓步段?
實則是爲了：內容上更加充實，邏輯上更加嚴密，思路上更加切題。
首先，段落展開內容上不僅可以說支持面的好處，也可以寫自身有何缺點，或反方有何可取之處。這樣一來，文章可寫內容變多，更加充實。其次，在邏輯上也包含了辯證思考，正反分析。最後，對於題幹中反面不可被忽略的題目，如二選一的利弊類題目，若沒有通過段內對比的方式包含對立面，文章並未全面覆蓋題幹信息，充分切題，但用讓步段可以將兩者兼顧。
具體如何寫讓步段?
01
欲揚先抑(跟支持面讓步)
欲揚先抑是指先承認支持面不足，稍加解釋不足之後，轉折提出整體利大於弊，或不足之處可被避免。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Technology has more positive effects than negative ones.
以本題爲例，題目問科技是否利大於弊。因爲題目中包含了利弊兩個方面，不建議只寫利處或弊端，可以通過讓步段兼顧題目立場的弊端。本題若選擇支持立場，可以先通過兩個主體段充分支持科技的好處，如1.科技促進了人們之間的信息交流。2.科技給社會帶來諸多便利，省力省時。讓步段便可採用欲揚先抑，即承認科技有弊端，如佔用過多的時間，面臨個人信息被盜的風險，但是較之於整體獲得的便利，這些弊端可以忽略不計。事實上，只要合理規劃時間，上網時注意個人信息的保護，這些弊端也可以避免。
該類讓步思路梳理清楚後，蔡蔡給大家補充一些常用表達。
承認自身不足
Admittedly / Undoubtedly / There is no denying that / It cannot be denied that/It is true that(誠然，不可否認的是)支持面, to some extent(一定程度上), may/possibly/probably(或許) have one or two/a couple of/minor drawbacks/defects/demerits/shortcomings(不足)
稍加解釋不足：
For instance/for example/to illustrate,...
但整體利大於弊：
However/nevertheless/nonetheless/as a matter of fact然而
Its overall merits/benefits/advantages(整體好處) far outweigh/outnumber/overshadow(遠大於)its demerits/defects/disadvantages(其弊端)
但弊端可以規避：
As a matter of fact/In fact, as long as 解決方案, the so-called negative effects/consequences can be avoided.
However, the problem can be solved by …
Actually, the negative influence can be eliminated by …
02
先禮後兵(跟對立面讓步)
先禮後兵是指承認對立面好，稍加解釋後轉折讓步：沒支持面好或者有潛在弊端
Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time to spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Others believe that it is best to use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork.
以本題爲例，父母應該利用難得的親子時光陪孩子做遊戲或運動，還是陪孩子做作業。若立場爲支持父母陪孩子做遊戲或運動，可以有兩點支持：1.陪孩子做運動有助於孩子放鬆身心壓力2.陪孩子游戲或運動時可以促進親子交流。讓步段可以和對立面讓步，即承認陪孩子做作業有一定好處，比如有利於孩子鞏固所學，提高學習成績，但過多注重學習而忽略課外活動會物極必反，孩子有可能變成沒有實用技能的書呆子。
同樣，簡要梳理思路後，蔡蔡補充一些相關表達供大家參考。
承認對立面好
Admittedly/Granted, 對立面have some merits which deserve some words here./I am not denying the significance of 對立面
稍加解釋對立面優點
For instance/for example/to illustrate,...
但沒支持面好
However, compared with/in comparison with 支持面, it pales into significance.
However, its benefits are dwarfed by that of 支持面
但有潛在弊端
However, its seemingly beneficial aspects may turn out to be defective, even destructive.
However, overemphasis on 對立面 may result in some undesirable consequences.
託福寫作中的七大語法規範
語法規範
1. 不完整的句子
(1) If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard. One of the hardest things that people do.
If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard—one of the hardest things that people do.
(2) Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world. A gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world, a gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
2. 分詞短語作狀語的錯誤
Holding her in his arms, the moon hid behind the cloud.
As soon as the moon hid behind the cloud, he held her in his arms.
3. 修飾詞錯位
(1) Romeo received word that Juliet was dead from another messenger.
Romeo received word from another messenger that Juliet was dead.
(2) After leaving the stage, the audience’s applause called the musicians back for an encore.
After the musicians left the stage, the audience’s applause called them back for an encore.
(3) Disruptive in the classroom, a teacher may become exasperated with hyperactive children.
Disruptive in the classroom, hyperactive children may exasperate a teacher.
4. 串句
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization, for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance, but when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization; for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance. But when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
5. 時態錯誤
The researchers admitted that they falsified crucial data in the study.
The researchers admitted that they had falsified crucial data in the study.
6. 代詞錯誤
(1) Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take it our on others.
Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take them our on others.
(2) Each girl and boy must do their part to keep the home fires burning.
Each girl and boy must do her or his part to keep the home fires burning.
(3) This college has their own entrance requirements.
This college has its own entrance requirements.
(4) If one wishes to participate in the political process, you can begin by voting regularly.
If one wishes to participate in the political process, one can begin by voting regularly.
(5) The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, they thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, the library staff thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
7. 結構混亂
Because Hemingway’s style is simple makes his writing accessible to all readers.
Because Hemingway’s style is simple, his writing is accessible to all readers.
Hemingway’s simple style makes his writing accessible to all readers.
託福獨立寫作的常用句型總結
一、提出背景的句式
It’s generally agreed that ... ... (人們普遍認爲... ...)
There is a growing body of opinion that ... ... (越來越多的人認爲... ...)
An increasing number of people have the tendency to believe that ... ... (越來越多的人傾向於認爲... ...)
Some people, especially the old, believe that ... ... (一些人，尤其是老人，認爲... ...)
Other people, the young in particular, argue that ... ... (別的人，尤其是年輕人，認爲... ...)
Some current analyses conclude that ... ... (當下的一些分析表明... ...)
... ... is a heated topic in our times. (... ...是我們這個時代火熱的一個話題)
The topic about ... ... has been raging for decades. (關於... ...的話題已經風行幾十年了)
... ... is an eternal/a perpetual topic in our daily lives. (... ...是我們日常生活中一個永恆的話題)
... ... is one of the most talked about topics in the contemporary society. (... ...是當代社會討論最多的話題之一)
Recently, the impact that ... ... has had on our daily lives, in general, is huge and undeniable. (近年來， ... ...對我們日常生活的影響，總的來說，是巨大且不可避免的)
With the gradual perfection and progressive amelioration of ... ..., sweeping changes have been brought into our lives. (隨着... ...的不斷完善和進一步提高，人們的生活發生了翻天覆地的變化)
In terms of ... ..., sometimes we find ourselves in dilemmas. (談到... ...時，我們有時候會發現自己左右爲難)
二、個人觀點的句式
I am totally convinced that ... ... (我百分百確信... ...)
I personally tend to believe that ... ... (我個人傾向於認爲... ...)
From my perspective, ... ... is without doubt a better option. (依我看，... ...毫無疑問是個更好的選擇)
According to the evidence offered above, I can hardly agree that ... ... (綜合以上證明，我很難同意... ...)
With respect to ... ..., I am pretty sure that I’m on the same/opposite side of it. (關於... ...，我很確定是站在正/反方的立場)
Although it’s no simple task for us to make a prudent and satisfying choice, I still wholeheartedly believe that ... ... (儘管對於我們來說，做一個謹慎友令人滿意的選擇是很困難的，但是我仍然全心全意地相信... ...)
三、引出爭議的句式
There is no consensus on . (關於是否該... ...，現在仍然沒有一個定論)
an issue open to debate. (是否該... ...，這是一個有待討論的問題)
a boon or bane is still open to debate. (... ...是好是壞/是對是錯，這有待討論)
The issue of whether…has triggered intense debate. (是否該... ...，這個問題引發了一個激烈的討論)
The debate over been going on for a long time. (關於... ...的討論已經持續很長時間了)
When it comes to ... ..., people tend to hold different viewpoints. (當談到... ...的時候，人們傾向於持有不同的觀點)
Most of the public tend to advocate that ... ... ,while I doubt whether the argument needs more analyses. (大多數人傾向於主張... ..., 但是我認爲這有待進一步討論)
託福範文：電視對溝通的影響
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
【範文】The Effects of Television on Communication
There is no doubt that television has greatly changed people's lives. After its invention, it became an almost indispensable part of most households within the space of just a few years. Nowadays, many families have two or even three television sets so that every member of the family can watch what he wants whenever he wants. In my opinion, this has significantly reduced the amount of time that family and friends spend communicating with each other.
Before the invention of television, people spent their leisure time in more active and social pursuits. They often played cards or other games, listened to the radio together or went out to see friends. But now television is widely available and it offers a variety of program choices that appeal to almost every interest. People no longer have to look to others for entertainment. Also, television can be like a sedative. Studies have shown that watching a great deal of television makes people more passive. Finally, people are simply watching increasing amounts of television. And with two or three TV sets in the house, there is no need for them to even watch it together.
Although television has reduced the amount of time that family and friends spend together, it doesn't have to be this way. People can make the choice to turn off the TV and do something more active. Or, if they really want to watch TV, they can find a thought-provoking program that they would all like to watch and discuss afterwards.
【參考譯文】電視對溝通的影響
電視已經大大地改變了人們的生活，這一點是毋庸置疑的。電視在其發明後的短短几年內幾乎成爲大多數家庭中不可或缺的一部分。現在許多家庭擁有兩臺甚至三臺電視機，每個家庭成員隨時可以看自己想看的節目。我認爲這樣已使得家人和朋友之間溝通的時間大爲減少。
在電視發明之前，人們有空就會做一些比較積極的消遣，並進行社交活動。人們會經常玩撲克牌或其他遊戲，一起聽收音機或出去拜訪朋友。但是現在電視很普及，有各式各樣的節目可供選擇，幾乎能讓每個人都很感興趣，於是人們便不再尋求其他的娛樂。而且，電視就好像鎮靜劑一樣。有研究指出，觀看大量的電視節目會讓人變得比較消極。最後，人們看電視的時間變得越來越多，而且有兩臺或三臺電視機的家庭，其家人甚至都不在一起看電視。
雖然電視已使家人和朋友之間相聚的時間變少，但這並非是必然的結果。人們可以選擇關上電視，去從事一些更積極的活動。或者如果真的想看電視，也可以找一個大家都想看的思考性節目，看完之後可以一起討論。
