託福獨立寫作中如何展開例證段落
託福獨立寫作的高分絕不是簡單的事，要考生具有相當的水平才行。小編爲大家帶來託福獨立寫作中如何展開例證段落一文，希望對大家託福備考有所幫助。
託福獨立寫作中如何展開例證段落
解釋之後，剩下我們要進行的就是例證。怎麼去寫一個好的例子，我們還是先從失敗的案例開始。同學們在寫例子的時候，常犯的幾個錯， 就是這三個錯。
第一個錯叫reason和例子沒有關係。比如說我舉一個例子，就是剛纔的那道題，高薪不穩定的工作，讓我們有壓力，壓力讓我們變的更強大， 如果我的邏輯鏈是如此的話，這樣寫例子，大家覺得和reason有關係嗎?
比如說，我叔和我舅，曾經做了一個如何高薪不穩定的工作，他在一個外企，還有薪水是別人的兩倍，但是很可能，因爲滿足不了公司的要求，隨時都有可能被開除，高薪不穩定。但是，在做那個工作的過程中呢，他認識了非常多優秀的同事，從那個同事身上他學會了很多他們的優秀品質，最後變的更強。這個例子跟reason是不是有關係?你會發現好像我也是在講我叔通過做高薪不穩定工作變更強的例子，但是這個例子跟前面的reason完全無關。因爲他根本就沒有提到任何跟壓力任何相關的內容。
所以很多同學寫文章原因和例子沒有關係，是因爲原因和例子根據就不是一個邏輯鏈。你的原因中，選擇可能是C，而在例子中你可能把它變成DEFG。跟C完全無關的話，這個時候就會讓別人覺得，你這一段沒有做到統一，例子廢話多。
比如還是剛纔我叔通過做高薪的工作，變的非常強的例子，如果我已經寫完我叔工作如何高薪，如何壓力大，如何變更強以後，我還需要在寫他變的更強以後，他就可以拿到更高的薪水;變更強以後他成功的概率就會變的更高;變的更強了以後他就可以娶到一個漂亮的老婆，生一堆可愛的孩子... 這些就完全不需要寫了。因爲跟我們的邏輯鏈已經完全無關了，你再去往下擴展，你叔變更強了以後的後續的好處，只會讓別人覺得你越寫例子越遠，它雖然會讓你的文章變長，但是長不一定會帶來更好的分數，你寫的太多跟邏輯鏈完全無關的內容。
第二個叫例子不具體，很多同學舉例子都是這樣。爲了證明辦公室上班會讓我壓力大，會讓我效率變的更高。我的例子就變成，以前我叔在辦公室上班的時候，效率真的很高，但是我叔一回到家呢，效率就會變的更低。那再比如，我爲了證明做兼職可以幫助大學生找到好工作，我的例子就是我的朋友小明大學的時候真的做了很多的兼職，我的朋友小明最後找了一個非常好的工作。這種例子真的跟論點有關，沒有廢話，但是這種例子你寫到一百個，別人也不會覺得你有細節，也不會給你高分，因爲它不具體，它只是把主題句中的人換成了我叔，我哥我舅，其他根本就沒有變過。主題句是辦公室上班效率高，你舉個例子就是我叔在辦公室上班效率高，這種例子完全沒有任何的意義。
所以我們如何去擺脫這三個問題，如何讓你的論點和例子有直接的關係，如何避免例子中的廢話，如何讓你的例子變的非常地具體，大家只要牢記例子的寫法是什麼就行了。我們剛纔說過，reason的本質叫搭橋，找到一箇中間點C，而例子本質叫specify,這個單詞翻譯成中文就叫具體化。要具體化的是什麼?就是我們的邏輯鏈中的A、C和B。我們在寫reason的時候，你會發現A、C和B還都是相對比較寬泛的名詞，A是高薪不穩定的工作，C是壓力，而B是提高。而我們在寫例子的時候，只需要把A變成具體的什麼樣的A?把C變成具體的什麼樣的C?把B變成具體什麼樣的B就可以了。
比如說高薪不穩定的工作在寫例子的時候，你就不能只是簡單的說高薪不穩定，你要把它薪水如何高，如何不穩定給講清楚。你在說C在邏輯鏈中只是一個簡單的壓力，而在例子中就不能只說我叔壓力大，你要把我叔壓力大的具體表現寫清楚。比如說他每天都有開不完的會;他每星期都有無數deadline需要他去完成;再或者是他還有一堆的同事，每一天都要跟他競爭着同樣的一個薪水更高，然後壓力更大的工作…而這些都是在細化我叔的壓力如何大。最後我叔變的更強，你也不能只說我叔變的更強，你要把他在什麼樣的方面變的如何強寫清楚，如果你能夠這樣完成一個例子的話，這個例子就是非常有細節的例子。
到這兒爲止，我們就已經把段落展開了。基本原理說完了，大家看完這些分享以後，其實只需要記住四個字就可以理解我剛纔講的全部內容：第一個詞叫搭橋，reason的本質就是搭橋，找到一個C，第二個詞叫細化，例子的本質就是細化，把你剛纔搭的橋A、C、B從抽象變的具體。然後你就完成一個非常好的，又統一，又完整，又有細節的段落了。
中國考生最容易忽略的託福寫作細節點是什麼?
中國考生最容易忽略的託福寫作細節點是什麼?得到的答案是範文?模板?生詞?還有更多.......但其實對於中國考生來說，最容易被忽略的細節點，卻是 語法 。
大家都知道託福寫作的評分標準是從語言形式(linguistic feature)和內容(content)來兩方面來衡量的。如果說託福寫作比喻爲一個人，那麼，語言形式就是一個人的儀表着裝，內容則是一個人的內涵。想要獲取託福寫作高分，我們就必須做到“內外兼修”。
優秀的語言形式需要考生注重：字數格式、詞句豐富、語法正確。語法正確就是很關鍵的一點，本文就通過託福寫作中的四類語法錯誤和大家談談語言形式中的語法正確性。
語法錯誤一：單複數不一致
單複數原則涉及可數名詞單複數和動詞三單(即主語爲單數且動詞使用現在時，動詞需要用單數)。這個道理無人不知，但往往實踐和理論是脫節的。那麼，學生們會寫成什麼樣子呢?[注：本文所選用錯誤句子均源於學生作文]
錯1：Job-related decision must depend on some specific situation.
析1：situation是可數名詞，當被some修飾時，應用複數。
改1：Job-related decision must depend on some specific situations.
錯2：There are less support to the literature writers.
析2：There be 句式中的be的單複數由主語決定，此句主語爲不可數名詞support，應用單數。
改2：There is less support to the literature writers.
錯3：Traveling now become a modern way for people to relax
析3：主語traveling是單數，相應的謂語動詞也應該用單數。
改3：Traveling now becomes a modern way for people to relax
語法錯誤二：動詞原形做主語
動詞原形是不可以做主語的，必須用動名詞(doing)或不定式(to do)的形式。
錯4：Study hard will increase a person’s competence.
析4：此句使用動詞原形做主語，需改成動名詞(doing)或不定式(to do)的形式。
改4：Studying hard will increase a person’s competence.
錯5：Educate children is a momentous task today.
析5：此句使用動詞原形做主語，需改成動名詞(doing)或不定式(to do)的形式。
改5：To educate children is a momentous task today.
語法錯誤三：兩個或多個獨立的句子用逗號連接
逗號並不具備鏈接兩個獨立句子的功能。
兩個獨立的句子有以下幾種寫法：
第一，兩個句子用句號隔開，句首都需要首字母大寫。
第二，用邏輯連接詞連接兩個句子，寫作中常用的邏輯連接詞爲並列關係(and，分號)、轉折(but, yet)、因果(for, so)。
第三，寫成複合句的形式，即名詞性從句、定語從句或狀語從句。例句有以下兩種修改形式
錯6：People inevitably have access to unhealthy or violent information on the Internet, some people especially teenagers will be easily attracted by those information.
析6：本句中，逗號連接了兩個獨立而完整的句子，是錯誤的。
改6-1：People inevitably have access to unhealthy or violent information on the Internet. Some people especially teenagers will be easily attracted by those information.
改6-2：People inevitably have access to unhealthy or violent information on the Internet and some people especially teenagers will be easily attracted by those information.
改6-3：People inevitably have access to unhealthy or violent information on the Internet; some people especially teenagers will be easily attracted by those information.
錯7：Today the haze is severely heavy, it is exceedingly harmful to everyone.
析7：逗號連接兩個獨立的句子。
改7-1：Today the haze is severely heavy. And it is exceedingly harmful to everyone.
改7-2：Today the haze is severely heavy, and it is exceedingly harmful to everyone.
改7-3：Today the haze is severely heavy; it is exceedingly harmful to everyone.
改7-4：Today the haze is severely heavy which is exceedingly harmful to everyone.
語法錯誤四：從句單獨成句
從句的“從”意爲“從屬”，所以，它是不具備獨立的功能的。也就是說，不能把從句連接詞首字母大寫變成一個獨立的句子。從句是複合句的一部分，從句和主句就像臺灣和大陸一樣是不可分割的。當從句被寫成獨立的句子，就猶如臺灣遠離了祖國母親的懷抱，於心何忍?!所以，從句必須和主句一起構成一個完整的句子。
錯8：The professor states that our culture has changed a lot. Which means we do not have to find what we want only from the literature work but also from the Internet.
析8：which引導的定語從句獨立成句，是錯誤的。
改8：The professor states that our culture has changed a lot, which means we do not have to find what we want only from the literature work but also from the Internet.
錯9：The only problem of food at the present time is that people have difficulty to decide what to eat. Because people have too many choices of delicious food.
析9：because引導的原因狀語從句獨立成句，錯誤。
改9：The only problem of food at the present time is that people have difficulty to decide what to eat, because people have too many choices of delicious food.
總結篇：
語法錯誤的出現大多是因爲在中文表達中缺乏相應英文的規則。在中文表達中，我們無需注重動詞的時態語態、動詞非謂語形式等，對待單複數的表達以“簡”爲重(如“一所大學”和“百所中國大學”，“大學”的表達並沒有變化，但對應英文需要分別用單數和複數，即'a university' 和'100 Chinese universities')。
我們在漢語的長期薰陶下，便難以完全建立起良好的英文思維。於是，在託福寫作中，時而會有捉襟見肘的模樣。希望本文的內容你可以讓自己的語言形式變得漂亮而生動!
託福寫作高分技巧：如何善用倒裝句
託福寫作需要添加一些新鮮的詞彙和句式，才能增加亮點，得到高分。本文中，託福小編爲您介紹託福寫作高分技巧之一：巧用倒裝句，希望對大家有所幫助。
倒裝句有兩種:
將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來,叫做完全倒裝(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.
只將助動詞(包括情態動詞)移至主語之前,叫做部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.
英語句子的倒裝一是由於語法結構的需要而進行的倒裝,二是由於修辭的需要而進行的倒裝。前一種情況,倒裝是必須的,否則就會出現語法錯誤;後一種情況,倒裝是選擇性的,倒裝與否只會產生表達效果上的差異。下面本文就擬從其修辭功能談談倒裝句的用法。
一、 表示強調:
倒裝句最突出、最常見的修辭效果就是強調,其表現形式如下:
1. only +狀語或狀語從句置於句首,句子用部分倒裝。
in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用這種方法,你纔可以解決這個問題。
after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有當他已經說出那個字後才意識到自己犯了個大錯誤。
2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意義的詞或詞組位於句首,句子用部分倒裝。
eg. No sooner had I got home than it to rain. 我剛到家就下起了雨。
eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽車上班。
3. so / 結構中的so或such位於句首可以構成部分倒裝句,表示強調so /such和that之間的部分。
unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要價太離譜,令每個人都瞠目結舌。
such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排進行得那麼長,以致於那兩個演員都走出去了。
以上各例子都用倒裝語序突出了句首成分,其語氣較自然語序強烈,因而具有極佳的修辭效果。
二、 承上啓下
有時倒裝可把前一句說到的人或物,或與前一句有聯繫的人或物在下一句緊接着先說出來,從而使前後兩句在意思上的關係更加清楚,銜接更加緊密,起到承上啓下的作用。
broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他們破門進入她叔叔的臥室,發現他躺在地板上死了。一條棕褐色的蛇纏在他頭上。
eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我們確實不應因爲被稱作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋,而且還會繼續是窮光蛋。
三、 製造懸念,渲染氣氛
在新聞或文學創作中,有時爲了內容的需要,或是爲了強調,作者常常運用倒裝來製造懸念,渲染氣氛。如:
Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 牆上掛着一幅精美的圖畫。
再如朗費羅(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一節:
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow,
Descends the snow.
在這一節詩裏 ,詩人就富有創意地運用了倒裝。在前五行中 ,詩人堆砌了七個狀語,狀語連續出現而主語和謂語卻遲遲未露 ,造成一種懸念效應。全節讀罷 ,讀者纔對詩歌的主題恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡響的藝術效果。
四、 平衡結構
英語修辭的一個重要原則是尾重原則,即把句子最複雜的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在語言使用中爲了避免產生頭重腳輕、結構不平衡的句子,我們常採用倒裝語序。
1. 以作狀語的介詞短語開頭:當主語較長或主語所帶修飾語較長時,爲了使句子平衡,常將狀語置於句首,句子用完全倒裝語序。
the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
eg.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
一個連隊的解放軍戰士來到了那座煤礦,奉司令部之命解救受困的礦工。
the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
地上放着一些空調,等着用船運到其他城市去。
從例句中可看出, 採用倒裝語序的A句結構平衡穩妥 ,讀起來自然流暢,而採用自然語序的B句結構零亂, 讀起來也彆扭。因而,在主語較長時就應採用倒裝語序以取得理想的表達效果。
2. 以表語開頭的句子:有時爲了把較長的主語放在後面,須將表語和謂語都提到主語前。
would be our home in the future. 我們將來的家就是這個樣子。
3. 以副詞here , there開頭的句子,也採用完全倒裝來保持句子平衡。
is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在這兒。
五、 使描寫生動
有時爲了使敘述或描繪更加生動形象,增加語言效果,可將表示方向的副詞(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或擬聲詞(bang, crack等)置於句首,句子採用全部倒裝的語序(主語爲人稱代詞的句子除外)。
went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一聲火箭就飛上天了。
jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 當警察把手槍瞄準那個罪犯時,嘭地一下他就從三樓跳了下去。
went the cannon! 轟隆一聲大炮開火了!
came another shot!砰!又是一聲槍響!
以上句子簡潔明快 ,生動逼真地描述了有關動作 ,令我們一覽此類倒裝的風采。但這種倒裝句的修辭功能在語段中可以體現得更爲清楚。
"Stop thief! Stop thief!" There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
"Stop thief ! Stop thief !" The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分別用副詞away, up和out位於句首引出四個倒裝句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。從而製造出一種緊張、急促的氣氛 ,生動地刻畫了一個緊張、混亂的捉賊場面。
託福寫作範文：當今社會爲年輕人制定的規則太過嚴厲
寫作題目
The rules that the society today requires young people to follow and obey are too strict. 當今社會爲年輕人制定的規則太嚴厲了。
寫作範文
It is not always easy for young people to make a living in society, not only because they are confronted with the mounting pressure brought by an expanding population, but also they are confined to all kinds of written or unwritten social rules. But some people claim that with the rapid progress of society, the rules that the young people have to follow are not as strict as they were in the past. As for me, I am in agreement with the viewpoint above, and my reasons and examples are given below.
The first example is associated with “puppy love”. It was long believed that puppy love was so harmful to youngsters’ academic performance that school authorities as well as parents rigorously forbid them to have romance. But changes have taken place in the public idea of this issue. Young people are no longer required to restrain their desire to find a girlfriend or boyfriend because the public begins to realize that it is not wise to go against the laws of nature. For example, I have two classmates who are in love with each other, and they study together, eat together and hang out together with no one else standing in the way. It seems that their grades are not affected at all.
The second example comes from the aspect of job-hunting. In my country, getting a decent job without using “backdoor policy” was once considered impossible. Whether a young person found a nice job or not depended on his families’ social backgrounds, rather than his real capabilities. Gradually, the public found out that the nepotism easily resulted in corruption, which could badly threaten the principle of social justice and fairness. Today’s young people are not asked to obey those “unwritten rules” behind the job-hunting. They can really enjoy competing with peers in a fair environment. We can see that nowadays young people from poor family stand a fair chance to be top-notch technologists, professors or managers.
Admittedly, strict restraints on young people still exist in terms of laws and morality such as abortion based on sex selection and drug abuse, because those aspects are the bottom lines of the society. It should be every social member’s responsibility to defend those lines from being broken. However, in aspects above bottom lines, the society is becoming more relaxing and tolerant, which enables young people to enjoy more freedom with fewer rules.
From what has been discussed above, we can safely draw a conclusion that young people are in a much more tolerant society with fewer strict rules. Just as a proverb that goes, “where there is oppression, there is opposition”. A dynamic and peaceful society must be a place where every member, especially young people, are given an extraordinary degree of freedom, and it is my luck to live in such a society.
