託福閱讀要全看完嗎
在目前的託福大軍中，很多考生都在糾結着一個問題：做託福閱讀文章時，要不要先把文章整體讀一遍?就這個問題而言，我們的考生們不得不被倚天劍劈成兩大幫派：讀與不讀。根據我個人經驗而談，我站在了“讀”的陣營裏，下面我將會爲大家解釋爲什麼要在做託福閱讀題目之前要先將文章整體閱讀一遍。
託福閱讀要全看完嗎
在《孫子兵法》上有一句話總是被世人朗朗上口的傳頌着：知己知彼，百戰不殆。那麼就我們學術來講就是要在任何問題上抱着知其然，知其所以然的態度。所以，首先，我們要明白出題人(ETS)的出題意圖。
一、考試界面的設置。
參加過考試的或是用模考軟件做過練習的“托兒”們都清晰的記得：當一篇託福閱讀文章問題出現的之前，一定是先以整篇文章的形式出現的，左邊並沒有顯示題目，只有將文章右邊的滾動軸拉至最低端，界面纔會自動轉換爲我們做題的界面，即左邊是問題，右邊是對應的文章。那麼，我們就分析一下爲什麼ETS有這樣的設置?ETS有什麼樣的意圖?ETS想讓考生怎麼做?這樣的設置顯而易見ETS是希望考生們可以在做題前將文章大致整體看一遍。就ETS出題的嚴謹性和科學性而言，這樣的設置毋庸置疑是幫助考生提高其做題的速度和正確率的。
我們已經分析完出題人的意圖，那麼接下來就是要解答界面設置導致的整體閱讀有哪些好處，如何幫助考生們答題，如何提高做題速度和正確率的。
二、整體閱讀對summaryquestions的幫助
對於閱讀速度不高，英語水平中等或中等以下的“托兒”們普遍反映的一個問題就是：沒有時間做最後的summaryquestions，或是做summary
questions的時候不知道到哪裏找答案或是正確率低。
我們先來分析一下summary
questions，大家都知道這個題型出現在閱讀文章的最後一道題，而且是對全文觀點的總結。那麼，既然是對於全篇文章觀點的總結，那麼它考察的內容是文章的分論點，即一段或是幾段的主要內容。如果是時間不夠，考生要直接選，很容易選錯，爲什麼?因爲前面的12道題考察的基本上是文章的細節內容。我們都知道細節信息是summary
questions的禁忌;所以，憑做題印象直接解題，那麼就受前面解題思路的影響，很容易被誤導。但如果這時你在做題之前對整篇文章有了一個整體的閱讀，並在演草紙上做了大致的筆記，那麼summary
questions就可以輕而易舉的攻破，爲什麼?怎麼做?
首先，整體閱讀不是逐字逐句，是scan文章，瞭解文章框架。
其次，在演草紙上簡單快速的寫下文章的主論點，若干個分論點(一段或是幾段的主要內容)，即大綱。(沒必要是完整的句子，可以參照聽力記筆記的方法，符合，中英文結合的方法。)
這樣，整體閱讀的步驟結束後，在演草紙上就能出來一片文章的框架，並且這個框架大綱可以在最短時間能基本解決summary
questions中80%。而且可以幫助考生輕鬆排除summary questions中的錯誤選項。
綜上所述，做題前的整體閱讀是極其必要的。並希望這篇文章對大家解決託福閱讀問題上有所幫助。
託福閱讀不需要每句話都讀懂
新託福閱讀是不是每句話都讀懂?許多托福考生認爲在做託福閱讀試題時必須要讀懂每字每句，事實上，這是不必要的。
Skimming是隻看主要大意的速讀。一篇文章的大意是有重點的。比如，當出現first second的這種歸類總結的地方，或because，as a result這樣的因果關係，或是 but，however的語意轉折處，都需要格外留心。託福文章講述主要觀點之後通常會有for example來佐證，如果看懂了主要觀點，那麼對示例所用的時間和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍閱讀文章意圖抓住文章大意時是非常重要的。
Scanning是“掃描”，但具體到新託福閱讀備考中，大家最熟悉的莫過於查詞典時。在有意識地去查某個生詞的時候，我們不會去把它所在的頁上每一個字都看一遍才找到想要的。幾乎眼睛對詞典中的一頁掃一下，腦中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像沒有看到一樣。在託福閱讀中，scanning的技巧在回答問題時，根據題幹中問到的內容，在文章中scan，可以幫助考生準確地定位，找到答案。
在第一遍通讀的過程中，考生不要期望每個字都一定要理解，遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思，這樣會浪費時間的。只需一直往下看，用前面介紹到的skimming原則，掌握文章的主旨即可。這個過程中，文章的第一段，尤其是每段的第一句話往往起着提綱挈領或起承轉合的作用，是閱讀時要多留心的地方。
託福閱讀中需要留心的三大項
第一，託福閱讀：詞彙量是要害。
各位如果覺得託福閱讀考試很難的話，請你必定要肯拿出時間來背單詞。磨刀不誤砍柴工，這句話一點都不假。即使你用一週時間，能把80%的單詞都記住，那也是很值得的。
第二，託福閱讀的做題次序。
現在還有人問，先看疑問再讀文章，又說自己不習慣等等。其實，這個喜好在你自己。假設你覺得“先看疑問再讀文章，並且找到答案就間斷，再讀下一個疑問”這樣很習慣，那就堅持下去。如果你覺得全部文章讀完再做心裏踏實，那就讀完好了。
第一題，一般都是主旨題。先不管。從第二題開始，看疑問，然後看是讀第一段。不管有沒有找到答案，把這一段讀完再停。這樣，如果詞基本知道，語句結構比較清楚的話，答案差不多就出來了。接下來仍是這樣，即使那一段很長，我也是讀完一整段再做題。
可是這裏要着重一下。如果你的託福閱讀程度不是特別高的話，當你讀完一段，有些疑問的答案你可能已經知道了，可是仍需要定位到原文，再看一遍。看看問題問的是不是的確是你得出的答案等等。總歸一句話，託福閱讀的答案都是從文章裏來的，假設和文章對立了或者文章沒有這些說法，那就必定不是準確答案!
第三，託福閱讀解題技巧。
遇到不確定的問題，先從原文找到定位，然後把確定不對的選項排除。就算是瞎蒙，50%也比25%好。這個也是做主旨題的一貫準則。等你把文章通篇都讀完了，再回過頭看這個選項的時候，不準確的說法就可以排除了(如果你是最後做主旨題的話，一定不要忘了，還有一道題!)
推薦託福閱讀中使用限時練習，把做過的閱讀裏出現的單詞題的準確選項都摘錄下來，儘管重複的機率不大，可是有些詞是常常出現的。
上面的三件事就是我們在備考託福閱讀考試的過程中最需要留心的。只要把優勢發揮出來，趨利避害，就能達到最佳的效果，預祝大家獲得好成績。
託福閱讀真題
Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960's but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced back to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.
Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead. Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child development — the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods. For example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?
Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.
1. What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?
(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.
(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.
(C) Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.
(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.
2. The word diverse in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) small
(B) varied
(C) wild
(D) particular
3. The word ensures in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) guarantees
(B) proves
(C) teaches
(D) assumes
4. According to the passage , if a mother goose is not present during the time period when
imprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?
(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.
(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.
(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.
(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.
5. The word it in line 12 refers to
(A) development
(B) goose
(C) time
(D) object
6. The word suitably in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) willingly
(B) moderately
(C) appropriately
(D) emotionally
7. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT
(A) grasping
(B) crying
(C) eating
(D) smiling
8. According to the passage , attachment behaviors of infants are intended to
(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met
(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent
(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation
(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation
9. The phrase affectional tie in line 30 is closest in meaning to
(A) cognitive development
(B) emotional attachment
(C) psychological need
(D) behavioral change
10. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that
(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied
(B) failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence
(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals
(D) there are similarities between animal and human behavior
PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD
