中英雙語話史記 第115期:蒙古的崛起

Yuan Dynasty

元朝

The Rise of Mongols

蒙古的崛起

The Mongols were formerly a tribe roaming the upper reaches of the Argun River.

蒙古族原先是遊蕩在阿爾貢河上游的一支遊牧民族。

Later they moved to live in the Valleys of the Onon and Kerulen rivers.

之後，他們移居至鄂嫩河和克魯倫河。

With the passage of time, they rose to become a powerful tribe.

隨着時間的流逝，蒙古族逐漸成爲一個強大的部落。

During the period from the late 12th to the early 13th century， Temujin consolidated all the Mongol tribes and placed under his leadership a centralized Khanate which brought the Mongols to a new stage of development.

從12世紀晚期到13世紀早期，鐵木真聯合了所有蒙古部落並把它們收至自己領導的中央集權制的汗國麾下，這使得蒙古發展到了一個新階段。

In 1206, he had a clan conference held on the bank of the Onon River, at which he was proclaimed the Great Khan, with the reign title of Genghis Khan.

1206年，他在鄂嫩河畔召開了家族會議並宣佈自己爲“大汗”，統治頭銜爲“成吉思汗”。

He was later known as Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty.

鐵木真之後被稱爲元太祖。

Genghis Khan organized his army and all the adults of his Mongol tribe according to a decimal system.

成吉思汗通過十進制來組織軍隊和他的蒙古部落的所有成年男子。

He personally selected an elite force of 10000 which served as a basic striking unit.

他親自挑選了10000人馬的精銳部隊作爲基本的作戰隊伍。

He transformed customary laws into written laws so as to specify the special privileges of the nobility and to tighten the control of the herdsmen slaves.

他將習慣法轉變爲成文法，以此來明確貴族的特權並加大對於牧民奴隸的控制。

The enforcement of military discipline and the completion of written laws added to the strength of the Mongol Khanate based on slavery.

軍紀的實施以及成文法的完善加強了以奴隸制爲基礎的蒙古國的實力。

For a long period, Genghis Khan and his successors Ogdai Khan and Mangu Khan conquered and seized territories both in the south and in the western regions.

很長一段時間內，成吉思汗和他的繼承人窩闊臺可汗以及蒙哥可汗都征服並掌控了南方和西方地區的領土。

In the south their attacks were directed against the Xia, the Jin, and the Song ；in the western regions, their conquest extended as far as Central Europe.

他們向南對夏國、金國和宋國進行攻擊；向西征服的地區遠至中歐。